Choline

Findings:

This comprehensive review indicates that various forms of choline supplementation (including choline alfoscerate/GPC, choline bitartrate, lecithin, and citicoline) are extensively used as food supplements. Preclinical and clinical investigations suggest they can be an effective strategy for boosting memory, enhancing cognitive function, and improving endothelial function. However, further dedicated studies are warranted to compare the different effects of the currently available forms of choline supplementation.

Participants:

The review covers preclinical studies (e.g., rat models, SH-SY5Y human cell line) and clinical investigations in diverse human populations. These include healthy adults (men, women, college-aged), pregnant women, infants, children (some with FASD), elderly individuals (with conditions like Alzheimer's, dementia, age-associated memory impairment, hearing loss), and patients with type 2 diabetes, stroke/TIA, or dry eye.

Dosage:

The review discusses various dosages from cited studies: GPC (e.g., 250mg, 600mg, 1000mg daily; 1000mg i.m. for 28 days then 400mg t.i.d. orally for 5 months; ~1240mg liquid GPC); Choline Bitartrate (e.g., 500mg/day, 1g/day, 2g, 400mg/day); Citicoline (e.g., 500mg/day); Lecithin (e.g., 20g). General choline supplementation dosages mentioned include 30mg/kg/day, 480mg/day, 930mg/day, 500mg/day, 550mg/day, 2g/day. Adequate Intake (AI) values are also cited: EFSA (400mg/day for healthy adults, 480mg/day for pregnant women, 520mg/day for lactating women) and US IOM (425mg/day for nonpregnant women, 450mg/day for pregnant women, 550mg/day for lactating women; 125-150mg/day for infants).

Study Quality Assessment:

This is a comprehensive review article published in a peer-reviewed journal (Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2023). It cites numerous preclinical and clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials (many double-blind, placebo-controlled, e.g., DRKS00020454, IRCT20110123005670N25, NCT02509728, NCT-1127022, NCT03194659, PACTR202005864845358, NCT03369925, NCT00720343, NCT01911299, NCT01149538, NCT03877003, ISRCTN82708510), open-label trials (e.g., clinical open multicenter trial ref 18), and cross-over studies with varied sample sizes (e.g., N=6 to N=2044). The review itself discloses funding sources (NIH, AHA) and states no conflicts of interest. It acknowledges controversies and limitations in the existing literature on choline supplementation, such as differing findings on GPC and stroke risk.

All Effects:

Authors:

Andrew Pipingas, Andrew Scholey, David J White, Lauren M Young, Sarah Gauci

Participants:

Healthy and 'At-Risk' Individuals

Study Quality Assessment:

systematic review and meta-analysis

Participants:

Adults with cognitive dysfunctions

Study Quality Assessment:

systematic review and meta-analysis

Findings:

This review examines preclinical and clinical investigations on different forms of choline supplementation (choline alfoscerate/α-GPC, choline bitartrate, lecithin, citicoline), indicating they are used as food supplements and have been shown to be an effective strategy for boosting memory and enhancing cognitive function. The review concludes that GPC and other choline supplements show beneficial effects, particularly in improving endothelial function and cognitive performance, though further studies are needed to compare different forms.

Participants:

The review covers preclinical studies (e.g., animal models like rats and mice, cell lines like SH-SY5Y human cell line, astroglial cell cultures) and clinical investigations involving diverse human populations. These include healthy adults (young, college-aged, older, men, women), pregnant women, infants, children (e.g., with FASD), and patients with conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, recent stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA), age-related hearing loss, dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), age-associated memory impairment, and metabolic syndrome.

Dosage:

The review cites various dosages from different studies: GPC (e.g., 150mg, 250mg, 300mg, 600mg, 1000mg, ~1240mg daily or as single doses; a regimen of 1000mg i.m. daily for 28 days then 400mg t.i.d. orally for 5 months); Choline bitartrate (e.g., 400mg/d, 500mg/d, 1g/d, 2g providing 800mg choline); Citicoline (e.g., 500mg/d); Lecithin (e.g., 20g/d); General choline (e.g., 30mg/kg/day enteral, 480 or 930mg/d, 550mg/d). It also notes Adequate Intake (AI) values: EFSA (400 mg/day for healthy adults, 480 mg/day for pregnant women, 520 mg/day for lactating women) and US IOM (425 mg/day for nonpregnant women, 450 mg/day for pregnant women, 550 mg/day for lactating women; 125 mg/day for infants 0-6 months, 150 mg/day for infants 7-12 months).

Study Quality Assessment:

The text is a comprehensive review article published in a peer-reviewed journal (Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)), submitted to the Cardiovascular Endocrinology section. It mentions it is an open-access article under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The review cites numerous preclinical experiments and clinical investigations, including various study designs explicitly mentioned in Table 3 such as 'Randomized cross-over study', 'Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial', 'Randomized partially blinded single-center trial', 'Clinical open multicenter trial', 'Randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study', 'Single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study', 'Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', and 'Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover'. Sample sizes from cited clinical trials are provided (e.g., N=6, N=13, N=24, N=48, N=96, N=100, N=2044).

All Effects:

Findings:

CDP-choline is described as a safe drug, with toxicological tests indicating no serious effects on the cholinergic system and perfect tolerability. These pharmacological characteristics, along with its mechanisms of action, suggest CDP-choline may be suitable for treating cerebral vascular disease and head trauma.

Study Quality Assessment:

toxicological tests have shown

All Effects: