Phenylpiracetam

Findings:

Phenylpiracetam (PP)/Fonturacetam (FR) is described as a nootropic with anxiolytic, antiasthenic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant effects. Analysis of studies suggests potential use in cerebral ischemia, neurodegenerative pathologies, epilepsy, asthenia, mental disorders, and metabolic syndrome, potentially via adaptogenic properties, mitochondrial protection, and effects on neurotransmitter systems and metabolism.

Study Quality Assessment:

Analysis of experimental and clinical studies.

All Effects:

Findings:

Piracetam was found ineffective as a neuroprotective drug for acute stroke in a previous clinical trial. The systematic review's findings are not stated in this snippet.

Participants:

Acute stroke patients (mentioned in context of a previous clinical trial)

Study Quality Assessment:

Systematic review methodology. Mentions a previous clinical trial.

Findings:

Phenylpiracetam (specifically the R-enantiomer) acts as a selective atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), interacting with α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Used in Russia for various neurological/psychiatric conditions (e.g., cerebrovascular deficiency, depression, memory decline), it reportedly improves cognition, mood, and stress tolerance. Animal studies indicate neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory (in mice, per cited study title), antiamnesic, anticonvulsant effects, reversal of diazepam sedation, increased operant behavior, and increased motivation.

Participants:

Animal models (Sprague-Dawley rats, Wistar rats, male mice); Human use reported in Russian cosmonauts, patients with cerebrovascular deficiency, depression, apathy, attention/memory problems, encephalopathy, brain injury, glioma, epilepsy, stroke, glaucoma; Potential use studied for fatigue in Parkinson's disease/depression. Mention of 'healthy individuals' use is noted as potentially misleading/lacking reliable sources.

Dosage:

Available as 100 mg oral tablets. Animal studies used doses like 100 mg/kg (phenylpiracetam) and up to 200 mg/kg (methylphenylpiracetam) in rats. A derivative (RGPU-95) reportedly used at 10-60 mg based on forum data.

Study Quality Assessment:

Mentions clinical studies/trials (some at named Russian institutions: Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Moscow Institute of Psychiatry, Russian Center of Vegetative Pathology), animal studies (rats, mice), peer-reviewed research, a European patent, and specific methods (passive avoidance test, radioligand binding assays like [125I] RTI-55 displacement, dopamine uptake assays, functional assays). Explicitly notes multiple issues via Wikipedia tags: potential cleanup needed, misleading implications connecting animal/in vitro data to human effects without reliable sources, reliance on primary sources, need for more reliable medical references, lack of clinical studies supporting use in healthy individuals, unpublished human pharmacokinetics.

All Effects: