Categories & Effectiveness

Brain Health

Neuro-Repair Support

4/10

Moderate evidence of effectiveness

Excitotoxicity Defense

3/10

Limited evidence of effectiveness

Brain Antioxidant Shield

2/10

Limited evidence of effectiveness

Cognition

Memory & Recall

2/10

Limited evidence of effectiveness

Energy & Alertness

Cellular Energy (ATP)

7/10

Strong evidence of effectiveness

Physical Performance

Blood Sugar Support

2/10

Limited evidence of effectiveness

Systemic Health

Cellular Repair

6/10

Moderate evidence of effectiveness

Anti-Inflammatory (Systemic)

5/10

Moderate evidence of effectiveness

Cellular Anti-Aging

5/10

Moderate evidence of effectiveness

Immune System Balance

3/10

Limited evidence of effectiveness

Dosage & Side Effects

Recommended Dosage

Commonly studied oral dosages for NAD+ precursors in adults range from 100mg to 1250mg daily for NMN and 100mg to 2000mg daily for NR. While baseline NAD+ needs are met by small amounts of dietary niacin (<20mg), therapeutic or supplemental doses used in trials are significantly higher, with NR generally regarded as safe up to 1-2g daily in short-to-medium term studies. Specific optimal doses for different individuals or goals are still under investigation, and factors like age or health status (e.g., prediabetes, obesity) have been considered in various clinical trials.

Potential Side Effects

NAD+ precursors like NR and NMN are generally well-tolerated in human trials at studied doses, with no significant adverse effects commonly reported; related precursors like niacin (NA) or high-dose nicotinamide (NAM) can cause flushing or itching. While severe risks appear low with NR/NMN in short-term trials, potential adverse effects of very high doses or long-term use, particularly with NAM, require further investigation, as suggested by some preclinical studies noting potential sirtuin inhibition or negative effects in specific TBI models. Always consider potential interactions if taking other supplements or medications, although specific contraindications are not well-established for NR/NMN.

Bioavailability & Half-Life

The oral bioavailability of NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR is complex and variable among individuals; they undergo significant metabolism in the gut by microbiota and extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, often being converted primarily to Nicotinamide (NAM). While NMN may be absorbed directly via the Slc12a8 transporter in the gut, it can also be converted extracellularly to NR, which then enters cells via ENT transporters before being converted back to NMN intracellularly by NRK enzymes. NR itself is noted to be unstable in blood with a relatively short elimination half-life in some studies, though daily or twice-daily dosing appears sufficient to maintain elevated blood NAD+ levels over time, typically peaking after several days of consistent supplementation.

Interactions & Stacks

While specific synergistic stacks are not extensively documented in the provided human clinical data, co-supplementation of NADH (a related form) with Coenzyme Q10 has been studied for fatigue. Caution is advised with high doses of precursors like Nicotinamide (NAM), as suggested by some preclinical studies, although direct interactions with other common nootropics or medications are not detailed. User consensus often involves combining NAD+ precursors with other longevity-focused compounds like resveratrol or pterostilbene, aiming for synergistic effects on sirtuin pathways, though robust clinical validation is pending.

Benefits by Use Case

Cellular Health & Longevity

Supports fundamental cellular processes like energy metabolism and DNA repair, potentially mitigating age-associated physiological decline shown in animal models. Human evidence for lifespan extension or significant anti-aging effects is still preliminary.

Energy Metabolism

Acts as a crucial coenzyme in metabolic pathways, potentially enhancing mitochondrial function and energy production based on preclinical data. Human trials show inconsistent effects on metabolic parameters like insulin sensitivity in obese or diabetic individuals.

Neuroprotection

Preclinical studies suggest benefits against age-related cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage in models of Alzheimer's, stroke, and other conditions. Human cognitive benefits are not yet consistently demonstrated in clinical trials.

Cardiovascular Support

May support heart health by improving NAD+ homeostasis in cardiac tissue, potentially protecting against hypertrophy and failure in animal models; some human studies show modest improvements in blood pressure or arterial stiffness. Effects on cholesterol or other cardiovascular markers in humans are mixed.

Mechanism of Action

NAD+ is a fundamental coenzyme central to cellular function, acting primarily as an electron carrier in hundreds of redox reactions essential for energy metabolism (like glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation). Beyond this, it serves as a critical substrate for several enzyme families: Sirtuins (regulating gene expression, metabolism, stress resistance), Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases or PARPs (involved in DNA repair and genomic stability), and CD38/CD157 (generating calcium signaling molecules like cADPR). By influencing these key enzymes, NAD+ impacts diverse downstream processes including mitochondrial function, cellular repair, inflammation, circadian rhythms, and overall cellular health and resilience.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is NAD+ supplementation safe?

Which NAD+ precursor is best (NMN vs NR vs NAM)?

What does NAD+ do for the body?

When should I take NAD+ supplements?

Can NAD+ help with aging?

How quickly does NAD+ work?

Does NAD+ improve cognitive function?

Are there natural ways to boost NAD+?

Summary & Expert Opinion

Overall, NAD+ is a critical molecule for cellular health, and maintaining its levels is increasingly recognized as important, particularly with age. Preclinical research strongly supports the potential of NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR to improve cellular function, energy metabolism, DNA repair, and mitigate aspects of aging and various disease models. However, human clinical trials show inconsistent results regarding functional benefits like improved cognition, physical performance, or metabolic health, despite successfully raising blood NAD+ levels; challenges include complex bioavailability influenced by gut microbiota and liver metabolism, individual variability in response, and a lack of long-term data. Individuals interested in supporting cellular health and potentially counteracting age-related NAD+ decline might consider precursors like NR or NMN, based on promising preclinical data and generally good short-term safety profiles. Those seeking proven treatments for specific diseases, or individuals with conditions like cancer (where NAD+ metabolism's role is complex), should exercise caution and await more definitive long-term human research.

Research Studies

Showing 5 of 10 studies

NAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health (2023)

Alzheimer's disease diabetes endothelial dysfunction +2 more

Authors:

Gabriela Fabiana Soares Alegre

Findings:

This review highlights that NAD+ precursors NMN and NR have demonstrated protective effects against diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, while also reversing gut dysbiosis. NMN and NR are found in foods like vegetables, meat, and milk, but their dietary contribution to NAD+ levels and potential food sources require further research.

Study Quality Assessment:

Identified as a 'review'. Conflict of interest statement: 'The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest to disclose.'

All Effects:

Alzheimer's disease diabetes endothelial dysfunction gut health inflammation

The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update (2023)

NAD+ metabolism bioavailability clinical trial variability +2 more

Authors:

Qin Song

Findings:

NMN supplementation elevates NAD+ levels, showing promise in preclinical models, but human clinical trials yield variable outcomes regarding efficacy. This variability is attributed to complex factors including NMN metabolism (gut microbiota interactions, cellular uptake pathways like Slc12a8), bioavailability issues (first-pass metabolism), and individual differences (genetics, lifestyle, baseline NAD+ levels). While generally reported as safe in trials up to 1250mg/day for short durations, NMN's effects on sleep, physical performance, cardiometabolic health, glucose metabolism, well-being, and telomeres are inconsistent and require further rigorous investigation with standardized methods and defined populations.

Participants:

Human clinical trials involved various groups including healthy adults (middle-aged, older, various age ranges 18-80, specific BMI ranges), overweight/obese adults, prediabetic women, postmenopausal women, individuals with mild hypertension, males with diabetes and reduced physical function, and recreational runners. Specific demographics mentioned include Japanese men, adults aged 65+, and post-menopausal women aged 50-80.

Dosage:

Human trials reviewed used various oral NMN dosages, ranging from 100mg daily up to 1250mg daily. Some studies used split doses (e.g., 125mg twice daily, 1000mg twice daily). Dose-dependent increases in NAD+ levels were reported in some studies (e.g., 300mg, 600mg, 900mg daily). Single oral doses up to 500mg and intravenous (IV) administration of 300mg were also studied.

Study Quality Assessment:

The text reviews multiple human clinical trials, many detailed in Table 1, indicating placebo-controlled designs, some double-blind, with specified durations (e.g., 2 weeks to 24 weeks) and sample sizes (ranging from N=8 to N=80 per group). Specific NAD+ and metabolite measurement methods are mentioned (e.g., HPLC, LC-MS/MS, BRET NAD Sensor Assay, Colorimetric Quantitation Kit). The review explicitly discusses limitations: inconsistent outcomes across trials, significant challenges and lack of standardization in measuring NAD+/NMN levels, short study durations, small sample sizes, lack of diverse participants, and confounding factors like gut microbiota and individual variability. Authors disclose employment by Renue By Science, which also funded article processing fees.

All Effects:

NAD+ metabolism bioavailability clinical trial variability gut microbiota safety

Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts (2022)

cognitive health dementia learning +2 more

Authors:

Jared M Campbell

Findings:

This review summarizes research on NAD+ precursor supplementation (NAD+, NADH, NAM, NMN, NR, niacin) for preventing cognitive decline across various conditions (dementia, diabetes, stroke, TBI, chemotherapy, ME/CFS). Preclinical (mostly animal model) findings are largely positive, suggesting potential neuroprotection and cognitive benefits. However, human studies are limited, with mixed, null, or sometimes adverse results, highlighting the need for further controlled clinical trials to confirm safety and efficacy in humans.

Participants:

The reviewed studies involved primarily animal models (rats, mice, rodent models). Some human studies included Alzheimer's disease patients (N=17 in one study), dementia patients (N=25, including Alzheimer's, vascular, frontotemporal), healthy men (N=8), and participants with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Ongoing/planned clinical trials mentioned involve older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Subjective Cognitive Decline, or Alzheimer's Dementia.

Dosage:

Specific dosages from reviewed studies include: NADH (10mg/day; 30mg; 10-100mg/kg/day; 20mg daily co-supplemented), NR (12nM in water; 300mg/g body weight in food; 2.5g/kg in food; 400mg/kg/day oral gavage; 'Niagen' in trials), NMN (100mg/kg SC every other day; 500mg/kg/day IP; 100mg/kg IP every other day; 300mg/kg/day oral gavage; 100mg/kg SC alternating days; 500mg/kg IP; 250mg/kg/day injection), NAM (250mg/kg; 200mg/kg/day IP; 500mg/kg IP; 150mg/kg/day pump; 50mg/kg/day pump; 500mg/kg bolus; 50mg/kg at intervals; 500 & 50mg/kg IP; 50 or 500mg/kg IV; 50mg/mL & 500mg/mL), NAD+ (250mg/kg/day IP; 50mg/kg IP; 10mg/kg intranasal; 20mg/kg intranasal; 750mg IV infusion). Niacin dosages for stroke studies were not specified.

Study Quality Assessment:

The text describes this work as a review summarizing research findings. Reviewed studies included animal models, a systematic review of rodent models, open-label human trials, a double-blind crossover human trial, and a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind human trial. Methods mentioned include various administration routes (intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, oral gavage, drinking water, food, intranasal, intravenous infusion, pump, tablet) and assessment tools (MMSE, GDS, fMRI). Limitations noted include: findings primarily from animal models, some null or adverse effects reported, equivocal results in human Alzheimer's studies, inconsistent effects in TBI studies, lack of head-to-head precursor comparisons, need for more properly controlled clinical trials, and lack of clinical trial evidence for diabetes. A multicentre preclinical screening consortium (OBTT) study on TBI is mentioned. The review notes funding from the Australian Research Council.

All Effects:

cognitive health dementia learning memory neuroprotection

Clinical Evidence for Targeting NAD Therapeutically (2020)

NAD levels

Authors:

Dina Radenkovic, Eric Verdin, Reason

Findings:

This review summarized clinical trials involving NAD, NAD precursors, or other methods to increase NAD levels.

Study Quality Assessment:

Study type: Review of clinical trials.

NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing (2020)

NAD+ metabolism age-related disease ageing +2 more

Authors:

Anthony J Covarrubias

Findings:

NAD+ is a crucial coenzyme for redox reactions and non-redox enzymes, influencing key cellular functions like metabolism, DNA repair, senescence, and immune function, which are critical for healthy ageing. NAD+ levels decline with age in multiple organisms, including humans, a decline causally linked to ageing-associated diseases (cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disease). Restoring NAD+ levels shows potential to slow or reverse these diseases, making NAD+ metabolism a therapeutic target, though further research on mechanisms, safety, and human efficacy is needed.

Participants:

The text mentions that ageing is accompanied by a gradual decline in tissue and cellular NAD+ levels in multiple model organisms, including rodents and humans. It also discusses potential beneficial effects in ageing humans.

Study Quality Assessment:

The abstract acknowledges knowledge gaps: 'much remains to be learnt about how NAD+ influences human health and ageing biology. This includes a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate NAD+ levels, how to effectively restore NAD+ levels during ageing, whether doing so is safe and whether NAD+ repletion will have beneficial effects in ageing humans.' The end matter discloses funding sources (NIH grant R24DK085610, Buck Institute for Research on Aging intramural funds, Napa Therapeutics, BaReCia) and competing interests (E.V. scientific co-founder Napa Therapeutics, advisory board Seneque; E.V., A.J.C., R.P. receive research support from Napa Therapeutics; E.V., A.G. receive research support from BaReCia; A.G serves as Chief Scientific Officer for Seneque USA and is an inventor on a patent licensed by Teijin Limited).

All Effects:

NAD+ metabolism age-related disease ageing cellular processes therapeutic target

Nicotinamide Riboside—The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses (2020)

NAD+ metabolism anti-inflammatory bioavailability +6 more

Authors:

Mario Mehmel, Nina Jovanović

Findings:

This review summarizes research on Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor. It highlights accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggesting potential health benefits via NAD+ elevation for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders, as well as potential therapeutic use against infections like SARS-CoV-2. The review discusses NR's bioavailability, safety profile (generally regarded as safe, well-tolerated in trials), and advantages over other NAD+ precursors, while also addressing challenges like variable bioavailability and the need for further research to support therapeutic translation.

Participants:

The text reviews studies involving animal models (mice, rats) and human participants (healthy volunteers, obese men, aged subjects, overweight adults). It also mentions clinical trials investigating NR for various conditions, implying patient populations.

Dosage:

The text mentions several dosages from different studies: '400 mg/kg/day' (mice, high-fat diet study); '2000 mg/day' (1000 mg twice daily) (human study on obese men; human pharmacokinetic study); 'up to 1 g' daily (human safety/bioavailability study in overweight adults); NOAEL of '300 mg/kg/day' and LOAEL of '1000 mg/kg/day' (rat toxicology study). It also contrasts therapeutic doses with baseline requirements met by '< 20 mg of niacin daily'.

Study Quality Assessment:

The text describes itself as a review summarizing available data, primarily from open-access peer-reviewed journals found via PubMed and ResearchGate, prioritizing recent publications. It mentions specific study types reviewed, including 'animal and human studies', 'clinical trials' (some specified as 'randomized placebo-controlled', 'open-label, non-randomized'). Safety assessments mentioned include 'GRAS status' for NR chloride, a '90-day toxicology rat study', and safety findings from clinical trials. Methodological aspects noted include measuring NAD+ levels and biomarkers like NAAD. Limitations discussed include NR's instability in blood, variable oral bioavailability among individuals, results from animal models not always replicating in humans (e.g., insulin sensitivity), and the need for more research (e.g., long-term effects, metabolism details). A conflict of interest is declared by the review authors (employees of a company selling NR derivatives, one author holds related intellectual property).

All Effects:

NAD+ metabolism anti-inflammatory bioavailability cardiovascular health infection treatment longevity metabolic health neuroprotection safety

Possible Adverse Effects of High-Dose Nicotinamide: Mechanisms and Safety Assessment (2020)

depression inflammation neurological function +2 more

Authors:

Eun Seong Hwang, Seon Beom Song

Findings:

Nicotinamide (NAM) at high doses is suggested to be effective against neurological dysfunctions, depression, other psychological disorders, and inflammatory diseases. The study likely focuses on its mechanisms and safety assessment.

Dosage:

Doses far above those recommended for vitamins are mentioned.

All Effects:

depression inflammation neurological function psychological disorders safety assessment

Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults (2019)

LDL-C NAD+ increase adverse events +3 more

Findings:

Daily consumption of 100, 300, and 1000 mg Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) for 8 weeks dose-dependently increased whole blood NAD+ (by 22%, 51%, and 142% respectively at 2 weeks) and other NAD+ metabolites, with increases maintained throughout the study. There were no reports of flushing, no significant differences in adverse events between NR and placebo groups (or between NR doses), and NR did not elevate LDL cholesterol or plasma homocysteine levels.

Participants:

140 healthy male and female participants, 40–60 years of age, with a body mass index between 25–30 kg/m2. Described as 'Healthy Overweight Adults'.

Dosage:

100 mg/day, 300 mg/day, or 1000 mg/day of NIAGEN (NR chloride) taken once daily (after breakfast) for 8 weeks (56 days).

Study Quality Assessment:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study (N=140, n=35/group) over 8 weeks. Conducted following Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, reviewed by NHPD (Health Canada) and an IRB. Registered on clinicaltrials.org (NCT0271593). Used LC-MS-MS for metabolite quantification. Statistical analyses performed (ANCOVA, Mann-Whitney U, t-test, Wilcoxon). Limitations mentioned: conducted in predominantly white, middle-aged adults consuming a diet limited in niacin equivalents. Funding source mentioned: ChromaDex funded the study.

All Effects:

LDL-C NAD+ increase adverse events homocysteine metabolism safety

NAD+ metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis - a balancing act between mitochondria and the nucleus (2015)

DNA repair NAD+ metabolism aging +5 more

Authors:

Carles Cantó

Findings:

This review summarizes that Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism is crucial for regulating diverse physiological processes, including energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, DNA repair, gene expression, immunity, and circadian rhythms, primarily through its roles as a redox cofactor and a substrate for enzymes like sirtuins and PARPs. Disequilibrium in NAD+ homeostasis contributes to various pathologies, including metabolic diseases, cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders, often linked to NAD+ decline. Boosting NAD+ levels via precursors (e.g., NMN, NR), inhibiting NAD+-consuming enzymes (e.g., CD38, PARPs), or lifestyle interventions (caloric restriction, exercise) shows therapeutic potential for these conditions, though further research, particularly long-term human studies, is needed.

Participants:

The text reviews studies involving various models and subjects, including mammalian cells (e.g., U2OS, HEK293T, NIH/3T3, HeLa, human SMCs), yeast, bacteria, worms, flies, rodents (mice, rats), nonhuman primates, and humans (human tissues, cells, patients with various diseases like cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, AKI, HF, aged participants, athletes, obese/nonobese subjects).

Dosage:

The text mentions 'acute pharmacological dose of NAM', 'high doses of NAM', and 'pharmacological dosing of NA' but does not specify exact dosages or administration frequencies used in the reviewed studies.

Study Quality Assessment:

This text is a review article. It mentions various methodologies used in the cited studies, including: enzymatic cycling assays, capillary electrophoresis (CE), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-LC/MS/MS), autofluorescence, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), genetically encoded fluorescent sensors (Frex, LigA-cpVenus, SoNar, Peredox, RexYFP, iNap1-4, Apollo-NADP+), 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS), and isotope-tracer methods. It discusses preclinical models (e.g., genetic knockouts, overexpression, high-fat diet models, disease models) and mentions clinical trials assessing NAD+ boosters (NR, NAM, Niacin). The text notes controversies (e.g., NMN transport mechanism, NAMPT levels in aging) and areas requiring further research.

All Effects:

DNA repair NAD+ metabolism aging cancer metabolic diseases neurodegeneration redox homeostasis therapeutic potential

NAD+ precursor modulates post-ischemic mitochondrial fragmentation and reactive oxygen species generation via SIRT3 dependent mechanisms

NAD+ metabolism aging metabolic diseases +2 more

Findings:

This review summarizes NAD+ metabolism, highlighting its crucial roles in cellular processes like energy production, DNA repair, redox homeostasis, gene expression, circadian rhythm, immunity, and signaling via NAD+-dependent enzymes (sirtuins, PARPs, CD38, SARM1). It discusses how NAD+ levels decline with age and in various pathophysiological conditions (metabolic diseases, cancer, neurodegeneration, infection, cardiac/renal failure). Strategies to boost NAD+ (precursors like NMN/NR, enzyme inhibitors, lifestyle changes) show therapeutic potential in preclinical models and early human trials, although long-term safety requires further investigation.

Participants:

Review covers studies using various models: mammalian cells (including specific lines like U2OS, HEK293T, HeLa), yeast, bacteria, worms, flies, mice (including specific disease/genetic models like 3xTgAD/Polβ+/-, APPswePS1DE9, SOD1G93A, WldS), rats, primates, and human tissues/cells/participants (including healthy, aged, athletes, obese, and patients with various diseases like cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, cardiac/renal failure).

Study Quality Assessment:

Review article summarizing findings from numerous studies. Mentions various detection methods (enzymatic assays, CE, HPLC-MS, autofluorescence, FLIM, genetically encoded sensors, 31P-MRS, isotope tracers) with some limitations noted (e.g., for enzymatic assays, autofluorescence). Discusses preclinical studies (cell culture, animal models like mice, rats, worms, flies, primates) and human clinical trials (e.g., NAD+ boosters NR, NAM, Niacin; EH301 for ALS; NMN for cancer - see Table 1, though table content not fully provided in snippet). Acknowledges controversies in the field (e.g., NAMPT levels in aging, NMN transport, circulating NAMPT in NAFLD). Funding sources acknowledged.

All Effects:

NAD+ metabolism aging metabolic diseases neurodegeneration therapeutic potential

We value your privacy

Categories & Effectiveness

Brain Health

Neuro-Repair Support

Excitotoxicity Defense

Brain Antioxidant Shield

Cognition

Memory & Recall

Energy & Alertness

Cellular Energy (ATP)

Physical Performance

Blood Sugar Support

Systemic Health

Cellular Repair

Anti-Inflammatory (Systemic)

Cellular Anti-Aging

Immune System Balance

Dosage & Side Effects

Recommended Dosage

Potential Side Effects

Bioavailability & Half-Life

Interactions & Stacks

Benefits by Use Case

Cellular Health & Longevity

Energy Metabolism

Neuroprotection

Cardiovascular Support

Mechanism of Action

Frequently Asked Questions

Summary & Expert Opinion

Research Studies

NAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health (2023)

Authors:

Findings:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update (2023)

Authors:

Findings:

Participants:

Dosage:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts (2022)

Authors:

Findings:

Participants:

Dosage:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

Clinical Evidence for Targeting NAD Therapeutically (2020)

Authors:

Findings:

Study Quality Assessment:

NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing (2020)

Authors:

Findings:

Participants:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

Nicotinamide Riboside—The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses (2020)

Authors:

Findings:

Participants:

Dosage:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

Possible Adverse Effects of High-Dose Nicotinamide: Mechanisms and Safety Assessment (2020)

Authors:

Findings:

Dosage:

All Effects:

Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults (2019)

Findings:

Participants:

Dosage:

Study Quality Assessment:

All Effects:

NAD+ metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis - a balancing act between mitochondria and the nucleus (2015)

Authors: